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Gut microbiota are closely related to human health. Studies have shown that probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics play an important role in maintaining intestinal microbiota balance and improving blood glucose, but their use is limited in certain special periods, such as pregnancy, immunodeficiency, and severe infection. Postbiotics is defined as inactivated bacteria and bacterial components that are beneficial for the host, including cell structure, secretory molecules or metabolites and inanimate microorganisms. The heterogeneous molecular metabolite shows a wide range of action mechanisms and plays an important role in restoring intestinal flora and improving blood glucose. This paper reviews the mechanism and research progress of postbiotics regulation of blood glucose.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects upper and lower motor neurons. The etiology of ALS has not been fully understood, and it is believed that the interaction of genes, aging and the environment can contribute to its pathogenesis. The gut microbiota of human body plays an important role in substance metabolism, food digestion and nutrient absorption. The diversity and stability of gut microbiota play an important role in maintaining the health of the elderly population. Diverse and healthy gut microbiota can prevent the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. The change of gut microbiota may lead to the onset and progression of ALS, and its mechanism may include the destruction of intestinal barrier, the production of toxins, the induction of inflammatory response, and metabolic disorders. Therapies based on gut microbiota may provide new ideas for the treatment of ALS.
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Gut microbiota is closely related to human health. Increasing evidence has indicated that alterations of gut flora play an important role in the occurrence and development of acute pancreatitis. Exploration of the specific effects of gut microbiota on the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies and improve the prognosis of acute pancreatitis. Here we reviewed and summarized the research progress regarding the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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Objective@# To investigate the influence of mechanical debridement on the subgingival microbiome in chronic periodontitis by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing.@*Methods@#Patients with generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were recruited into this study and received oral hygiene instruction and supragingival scaling. One week later, they received ultrasonic and manual subgingival scaling and root planning. Clinical parameters were recorded and subgingival plaques were sampled at baseline and 3 months and 6 months after treatment. The comprehensive profiles of the subgingival microbiome were analyzed by sequencing the V3-4 region of 16S rRNA with the Illumina MiSeq platform.@*Results @#Alpha diversity analysis showed that the richness and diversity of the subgingival community were consistent before and after treatment, but a significant difference in community structure was detected only between baseline and month 3 by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). After 3 months, the clinical parameter as probing depth (PD) decreased significantly and the relative abundances of the genera related to periodontitis such as Porphyromonas, Treponema, Tannerella, and Filifactor decreased significantly. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of the genera associated with periodontal health increased, such as Capnocytophaga, Kingella. Six months later, however, less genera related to periodontitis decreased significantly from the baseline level, such as Filifactor. PD decreased significantly compared with baseline, but increased significantly compared with 3 months after treatment. @* Conclusion@#Mechanical debridement alone could relieve periodontal inflammation and balance microbial dysbiosis and the greater efficacy occurred 3 months after treatment.
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There are a large number of microorganisms in human intestine. It has been reported that intestinal microbiota is correlated with leukemia. The decreased number of intestinal microbiota and dysbacteriosis are present in leukemia patients. The disorder of intestinal microbiota can directly influence the progress of the leukemia, indirectly through immune regulation. Exploration of the relationship between intestinal microbiota and leukemia would provide a key objective for the diagnosis of leukemia intestinal microbiota, and also supply new strategies for improving therapeutic effect and prognosis.
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Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies with high incidence rate and mortality rate. Human intestinal microbiota play crucial roles in multiple aspects including immune function, digestion and metabolism. Current research literature suggests that there is a significant connection between intestinal dysbacteriosis and colorectal cancer. However,it is not clear how intestinal dysbacteriosis is involved in the initiation, progress and metastasis of colorectal cancer. In this paper,the influence discussed from three aspects.
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Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies with high incidence rate and mortality rate. Human intestinal microbiota play crucial roles in multiple aspects including immune function, digestion and metabolism.Current research literature suggests that there is a significant connection between intestinal dysbacteriosis and colorectal cancer.However,it is not clear how intestinal dysbacteriosis is involved in the initiation, progress and metastasis of colorectal cancer.In this paper,the influence discussed from three aspects.
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More and more researches have shown that gut microbiota and human health are closely related, the development of some diseases are often accompanied by changes in gut normal microbiota. Hence, adjusting gut microbiota to make them normalization will become the mechanism to alleviate the certain disease. The development of Chinese materia medica (CMM) in China has a long history, with the dual effects of treating disease and maintaining good health. Currently, some studies have shown that CMM can also regulate the structure of gut microbiota during the treatment of certain disease, that made gut microbiota be the other mechanism of treating some disease by CMM in addition to gastrointestinal absorption. This review summarizes the relationship between gut microbiota and human health as well as the study of CMM via regulating gut microbiota to ameliorate some diseases in recent years, and provides a new theoretical basis of CMM treatment.
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[Objective] To investigate the effects of airway dysbacteriosis on the development of murine atlergic airway diseases (AAD).[Methods] Female C57BL/6 mice were neubulized with Vancomycin for 10 days and then were sacrificed.The bacterial population in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology,exploriug the method of establishing an airway dysbacteriosis mouse model.After the mouse model was established successfully,airway dysbacteriosis mouse models were established by the same method,and based on that,the mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce airway allergic inflammation.The frequency of nasal rubbing behaviors per mice was counted;the total cell number and eosinophil relative abundance in BALF were evaluated;the lung tissue inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia were assessed according to histopathological features;and the IgE level in serum,IFN-γ,IL-4 and IL-5 levels in BALF,and IL-33 levels in serum,BALF and intestine tissue were measured by ELISA.[Results] Nebulization of Vancomycin increased Bradyrhizobium,Sphingopyxis,Cupriavidus,Pelomonas,and decreased Akkermansia and Prevotella_6 in airway,inducing significant airway dysbacteriosis.Using the animal model,further study found that airway dysbacteriosis exacerbated OVA-induced airway allergic inflammation,including increased nasal rubbing frequency,higher serun IgE level,more total cell count especially eosinophil infiltration,more serious lung tissue inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia.Additionally,compared to OVA group,mice in Dysbacteriosis and OVA group had significantly increased level of Th2 cytokine IL-4 and IL-5,and significantly decreased Thl cytokine IFN-γin BALF,which revealed that mice in Dysbacteriosis and OVA group had mote remarkable Thl/Th2 imbalance.Furthermore,IL-33 level showed a significant increase in BALF,but didn't change in serum or intestine tissue in Dysbacteriosis and OVA group compared to OVA group.Indicating that airway dysbacteriosis may only affect the local production of IL-33.[Conclusions] An airway dysbacteriosis mouse model was established by Vancomycin nebulization successfully.Airway dysbacteriosis may activate innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and Th2 cell by inducing local IL-33 secreting,which leads to the imbalance of Th1/Th2,and in turn promotes the development of AAD.
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Gut microbiota plays important roles in maintaining human body homeostasis, and its relationship with diseases is gaining increasing attention, but the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Recently, studies have shown that gut dysbacteriosis also plays a part in the development and progression of liver cancer, which involves dysbacteriosis-related changes in bile acid metabolism, hepatic stellate cell senescence, endotoxin metabolic disorders and so on. This paper reviewed the mechanisms of liver cancer involving gut dysbacteriosis, casting new lights on prevention strategies of liver cancer by targeting gut dysbacteriosis and on the future research directions.
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Objective To detect the changes of visceral sensitivity in rats presenting intestinal dysbacteriosis and the expressions of tight junction protein (ZO-1)and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)so as to explore the effect of intestinal dysbacteriosis on visceral sensitivity and the possible mechanisms.Methods We randomly divided 30 male SD rats of SPF grade into normal control group (n = 12 )and dysbacteriosis group (n = 18 ).Rats in dysbacteriosis group were administered with lincomycin hydrochloride (300 mg/mL),1 mL each time per rat once a day for 7 consecutive days;those in normal control group were fed with the same amount of saline.On the eighth day,six rats were randomly selected from normal control group and dysbacteriosis group respectively to detect whether the model was successful.After the model was successfully constructed,the remaining 12 dysbacteriosis rats were randomly divided into the negative control group and the probiotics intervention group with 6 in each.Rats in the intervention group were given probiotic bifidobacterium triple viable capsules (Bifico)orally,one capsule with 1/3 mL of saline,1 mL each time per rat once a day for 7 consecutive days;those in the negative control group received the same amount of saline.On the eighth day,fresh feces was cultured for flora to detect visceral sensitivity by abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR),the mRNA and protein expressions of ZO-1 and TLR4 in the colon,and the expression of serum inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TNFα.Results The expression of ZO-1 in the colon was significantly lower in the rats of dysbacteriosis group than those in the control group,and the expression of TLR4 was also significantly increased.Correspondingly,the expression of pro-inflammatory factor TNFα in the serum of the rats in dysbacteriosis group was significantly increased,while that of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was significantly lower than in the control group (P <0.05).Furthermore,compared with dysbacteriosis group,the expression of ZO-1 was increased significantly and TLR4 was decreased in probiotics group in varying degrees. Similarly,the expression of TNFα was obviously lower while that of IL-10 in the serum was higher (P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Inhibiting the expression of ZO-1 and increasing the expression of TLR4,thus leading to chronic low-grade inflammation, may be one mechanism of visceral hypersensitivity caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. Probiotics may restore the dysbacteriosis and thus improve visceral hypersensitivity.
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The human gut harbours a certain quantity and variety of microbes called intestinal flora, which is in a state of balance under normal circumstances, and dysbacteriosis occurs when the balance of the intestinal flora is dis-turbed by the host and the changes of the external environment.Circadian clock is the biological regulation system to adapt to natural circadian rhythm, including central clock and peripheral clock.Circadian clock disturbance, particularly rotating shift-workers with irregular light-night schedules, is associated with an increased risk of immune-related diseases.The de-velopment of these diseases is closely related to intestinal dysbacteriosis.Therefore, the correlation between intestinal dys-bacteriosis and circadian clock disturbance has attracted much attention.This review aims to explore the pathophysiological basis of the development in some immune-related diseases based on the latest scientific findings about the relationship be-tween intestinal microbial flora and circadian clock.
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Objective To investigate the effect of dual antiplatelet drugs on the intestinal damage in rats. Meth-ods Eighty SD rats were randomly allocated into four groups:control group (normal saline, n=20), aspirin group (10.41 mg/kg, n=20), clopidogrel group (7.81 mg/kg, n=20) and clopidogrel combined aspirin group (n=20). Each group was given intra-gastric administration of drugs once per day for 14 days. All rats received operation after the final intragastric administration. The intestinal injury was observed. The jejunal fluid was taken for bacterial culture. The intestinal permeability was detected by ethidium bromide (EB) method. The small intestinal mucosal injury was estimated by Chiu method. Results The differ-ent degrees of small intestinal mucosal injury were found in four groups. The scores of pathological lesions were significantly higher in aspirin group, clopidogrel group and clopidogrel combined aspirin group than those of control group (P<0.05). The dual antiplatelet group showed the highest score (3.450±1.356). The small intestinal permeability was significantly increased in experiment groups compared with that of control group (54.012±3.513μg/g, P<0.05). There was a significantly higher small intestinal permeability in dual antiplatelet group than that of aspirin group and clopidogrel group (μg/g:130.533 ± 29.631 vs 90.965±3.765 vs 66.800±4.853, P<0.001). The total jejunal bacteria was significantly increased in dual antiplate-let group than that of control group (CFU/mL:61924.805±1751.159 vs 18154.280±1153.376, P<0.001). The ratio of entero-bacterium and enterococcus was significantly decreased in dual antiplatelet group compared with that of control group (0.220±0.089 vs 1.007±0.148, P<0.001). Conclusion The routine dose of dual antiplatelet drug aggravates the small intes-tinal injury in rats compared with that of single drug. The manifestations of intestinal mucosal injury include increased intes-tinal bacteria, dysbacteriosis, and increased small intestinal permeability.
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Introduction: In many cases of aethelogy the gut microflore of gastrointestinal tract change by quantity, quality and structure then mainly occurred propagation and increase informal microflore. And that is the cause of aggravation of dysbacteriosis. In dysbacterios species and number of gut microflore of gastrointestinal tract increasing year by year and information of prior unsearched microflores are being increased.Especially, changing level in gut microbiota after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy of chronic gastro duodenal disorder has not studied yet in the field, pediatric gastroenterology in Mongolia.Objective: To determine the effects on normal gastrointestinal microbiota after eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori for chronic gastro duodenal disorder.Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study of 50 patients, average age 12.82±2.9, during two years period from 2009-2010, evaluating the gut microbiota after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy of chronic gastro duodenal disorder in Gastroenterology Unit, Maternal and Child Research Health Center.Results: Of the 50 patients there were 16 (32%) with peptic ulcer and 34 (68%) chronic gastroduodenitis due to Helicobacter pylori infection. The triple treatments were used in 34 cases (68%), the quartile treatment used in 16 cases (32%) and the probiotic combination therapy used in 27 cases (54%). After Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, the H pylori serology test was positive in 9 cases (18%) and negative in 41 cases (82%). Before Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, 45 cases (90%) had abnormal gut microbiota, 5 cases (10%) had normal gut microbiota. After eradication therapy with a probiotic, 19 cases (70%) had normal gut microbiota.Conclusion: After Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy there was an alteration in normal gut microbiota. The probiotic combination therapy was more effective in establishing normal gut microbiota than the non-probiotic combination therapy.
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Objective To investigate the influence of different nutritional support ways on intestinal dysbacteriosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods Sixty-six patients with SAP from January 2003 to June 2010 were divided into study group and control group according to random digits table,33 cases in each group,they were treated with enteral nutrition and total parenteral alimentation support treatment respectively and the incidence of intestinal dysbacteriosis was observed and compared.Results In 7 - 10 d after the onset of SAP,the number of escherichia coli and enterococci in study group were significantly lower than those in control group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05 );the number of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus were significantly higher than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05 ).A total of 25 patients in both groups occurred intestinal dysbacteriosis,the total incidence was 37.9%,the incidence in study group was 24.2% (8/33) and which was significantly lower than that in control group [51.5%( 17/33 )](P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Enteral nutrition support treatment can reduce the incidence of intestinal dysbacteriosis in patients with SAP,its efficacy is better than parenteral nutrition.
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Objective To explore the conditions for the restoration of competitive dysbacteriosis with antibiotics. Methods The mathematical model of the two competitive floras was analyzed by the Qualitative Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. Results Three different types of dysbacteriosis and their restoring conditions were obtained. Conclusion Different restoring schemes should be applied for the regulation of different types of dysbacteriosis. Misuse of antibiotics can not result in satisfactory therapeutic effect.
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Bifidobacterium bifidum has been used in foreign to treat antibiotics induced diarrhoea with many advantages compared to Bacillus subtilis. But in Vietnam, there are not like this. We have researched a basis to use this bacterium in a pharmaceutical product. We isolated, screened the optimal conditions to culture B. bifidum and built up the growth curve of it. An in vitro trial had been developed on rat and showed that B. bifidum had a good effect on treatment antibiotics induced diarrhoea.
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Bifidobacterium , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
There are many etiologies, which can produce dysbacteriosis. Among these etiologies which have serious influence and are commone clinically is prolonged, large and abuse of antibiotics.The principles of prevention and cure for dysbacteriosis are presented as follows: A. Reason-able use of antibiotics: (1) Short-term treatment with small dose; (2) Whenver possible, using nar-rowspectrum and different broadsprectram antibiotics ; ( 3 ) Avoiding taking orally; ( 4 ) Selective decontamination. B. Recommending usage of bio-gen and its growth factors.
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OBJECTIVE To understand the drug resistance of causative bacteria from the intestinal tract dysbacteriosis of the iatrogenic diarrhea patient,and to provide basis for choose the medicine for the clinical treatment of Ⅲ degree intestinal tract dysbacteriosis and internal infection caused by different causative bacteria. METHODS VITEK-ATB system was used to analyze and calculate the causative bacteria and their drug resistance from the intestinal tract dysbacteriosis of the iatrogenic diarrhea patient in the hospital from 2001 to 2003. RESULTS Causative bacteria for intestinal tract dysbacteriosis in order were enterococci(31.90%),yeast-like fungi(27.24%),Proteus(16.34%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(6.23%),Citrobacter(5.84%),Klebsiella(5.45%),toxin A producing Clostridium difficile(5.06%),and Staphylococcus aureus(1.94%).The yeast-like fungi had no drug resistance to amphotericin B and nystatin,the P.aeruginosa,Proteus and Klebsiella had no drug resistance to imipenem and meropenem,80% S.aureus were MRSA,and had no drug resistance to minocycline,nitrofurantoin,fusidic acid,vancomycin,teicoplanin and quinupristin-dalfopristin. CONCLUSIONS In the process of treatment Ⅲ degree intestinal tract dysbacteriosis and interior-infection caused by different causative bacteria,choosing different sensitive medicine could remove the specific causative factors of the disease.